Since the beginning of the academic year - that started in January this year due to a long strike I forgot about what, and isn't finished yet for the same reason - I have taken two classes. I hoped they would revive my interest in the subject of my doctorate, and they do. I don't know why I should be so inclined but show me an ancient manuscript any time and I'll get excited...
What I didn't count on was that in February this year I would meet the man who now is my fiance, and in less than two months will be my husband...
I started out with one idea and it evolved to something else. Includes but not limited to my experience as a periodicals librarian, wishing it was more about the physical act of writing in general, medieval Latin and Hebrew manuscripts, early Hebrew type (before 1500), and related subjects
Friday, July 4, 2008
Tuesday, January 22, 2008
Hebrew printing in Rome (apparently)
Well, that was fun. For the non-Hebrew reader, my last post (I know, ages ago) was about a book of hours in Latin. But now to serious matters. Hebrew printing, for example. The first Hebrew printers (or should I say, printers in Hebrew?), called 'Obadiah, Manasse and Benjamin from Rome', printed books apparently in Rome around 1470 (no date or place is mentioned in any of their books). When one compares their books with other early printed books in Italy one will notice theirs look less like manuscripts than the others. While the majority of the first printers (both in Hebrew and in Latin) aspired to make their books look like manuscripts, the thing their clients were used to, these books look like ... well, like printed books. Or at least so it seems to me.
Maybe that is because they were printed in square Hebrew characters, unlike most other Hebrew incunables which were printed in 'rabbinical' - semi-square - characters, the so called 'Rashi script'.
And what did they print? A Pentateuch commentary (Nahmanides, Perush al haTorah) folio, 124 +122 leaves; Sefer HaAruch (.....), folio, 308 leaves; Another Pentateuch commentary (Rashi's Perush al haTorah), quarto, 213 leaves; A commentary on the book of Daniel (Rashbag Perush al Daniel), quarto, 37 leaves; A grammar book (David Ben Kimhi's Sefer HaShorashim), folio, 188 leaves; Rabbinical Responsa (Shlomo ibn Aderet, She'elot ve-Teshuvot), octavo, 160 leaves; An halakhic work (Moshe ben Ya'akov from Coucy, Sefer Mitsvot Gadol), folio, 280 leaves. I added the format, as it has some importance for understanding how advanced these printers were. For each format one needs a different letter frame, of course. And I still have to compare the digital versions from the JNUL to see if they also have different size letters for the different formats.
The books were ascribed to Rome and to this early date because the lay-out, and certain other codicological features, are similar to certain printers of Christian works in Rome between the years 1469-1475.
Maybe that is because they were printed in square Hebrew characters, unlike most other Hebrew incunables which were printed in 'rabbinical' - semi-square - characters, the so called 'Rashi script'.
And what did they print? A Pentateuch commentary (Nahmanides, Perush al haTorah) folio, 124 +122 leaves; Sefer HaAruch (.....), folio, 308 leaves; Another Pentateuch commentary (Rashi's Perush al haTorah), quarto, 213 leaves; A commentary on the book of Daniel (Rashbag Perush al Daniel), quarto, 37 leaves; A grammar book (David Ben Kimhi's Sefer HaShorashim), folio, 188 leaves; Rabbinical Responsa (Shlomo ibn Aderet, She'elot ve-Teshuvot), octavo, 160 leaves; An halakhic work (Moshe ben Ya'akov from Coucy, Sefer Mitsvot Gadol), folio, 280 leaves. I added the format, as it has some importance for understanding how advanced these printers were. For each format one needs a different letter frame, of course. And I still have to compare the digital versions from the JNUL to see if they also have different size letters for the different formats.
The books were ascribed to Rome and to this early date because the lay-out, and certain other codicological features, are similar to certain printers of Christian works in Rome between the years 1469-1475.
חדש בעברית
קיבלתי הודעה שבלוגר קיים מעתה גם בעברית. נחמד, למרות שאני עדיין לא למדתי מה זה אומר ואיזה הבדל זה עושה. בינתיים החלטתי לכתוב את הערך הזה בעברית. אוקיי אני מנסה שוב ברצינות לקבל אחיזה בנושא שלי, בעוד שמאד מאד בא לי להתפזר ולגלוש לנושא אחר קרוב ללבי: כ"י לטיני אחד שפעם היתה לי הזכות לעבוד עליו. אני לא יודעת מה יותר מושך אותי: הנושא עצמו שהוא מרתק, או העובדה שאני לא חייבת לעשות את זה מה שנותן המון יותר כוח וחשק . בכל מקרה, אני מרשה לעצמי בבלוג הזה להרהר בשני הנושאים. כתב היד הלטיני הוא ספר שעות, זאת אומרת ספר תפילות לאדם שאינו חלק מהכמורה. כמו הכמורה הוא אמור (? אני בעצם לא יודעת אם יש לו חובה דתית או שזה מומלץ בלבד) להתפלל בשעות מסויימות טקסטים מסויימים, שהם כתובים בספר. סוג של סידור, הייתי אומרת. אבל אז נוצרי, ליתר דיוק רומי-קתולי. התפילות והקריאות מן הכתובים (התנ"ך והברית החדשה) מלוות באיורים שאמורים לעזור לקורא להתפלל בכוונה כשהוא רואה מול העיניים תמונות מחיי ישוע, תפילת המחילה של דוד המלך ,או סוף כל בשר, הקבורה וכו'. לפעמים יש גם את איוב או את המשפט האחרון. כ"י כזה נותן לחוקר אתגרים רבים. יש לבדוק קודם כל את הדברים הסטנדרטים כמו מימדי הספר, כמות הקונטרסים והרכבם, שיטת השרטוט ומספר השורות לעמוד. אפילו הנתונים הבסיסיים האלה יכולים לשחק תפקיד בשאלות הגדולות של כל כ"י: היכן ועל ידי מי ועבור מי הוא כתוב. גם אם מתייחסים לכ"י בעיקר בשביל הטקסט הכתוב בו (זה כמובן הערך האולטימטיבי של כ"י) גם אז כדאי ורצוי ובעצם חובה לעמוד על השאלות האלה. הבדיקה הבאה היא בנוגע לכתב: איזה סוג של כתב יש, האם לאורך כל הספר יש את אותה "יד", האם יש תכונות מסויימות שיכולות להיות אופיינים לכותב (שהוא בהכרח מעתיק בסוג ספרים כגון זה) - אם קיימות תכונות כאלה אפשר לנסות לחפש כתבי יד אחרים עם אותם מאפייני כתב. זה נשמע הרבה יותר פשוט ממה שזה בפועל. בספר שעות יש גם את האומנות, שעוזרת לקבוע תקופה ומקום. כתב היד 'שלי' מכיל תמונות מאד פשוטות ולמרות שאין לי חינוך בתולדות האומנות נראה לי זהאמן היה מתחיל או לא היה לו זמן להשקיע בספר השעות שלו. אפשרות אחרת היא כמובן שכך הוא או המזמין רצה, מאילוצי תקציב או מעקרוני דת. דבר אחר שיש בו כדי לבקש תשומת לב הוא חלוקת הטקסט. נדמה לי שבזה יש ייחודיות מסויימת אבל כמות ספרי השעות גדולה וקשה למצוא דווקא את הפרטים האלה (כולם כמובן מתייחסים למיניאטורות ומעטים לטקסט). פרט אחרון בינתיים הוא נוסח התפילה. נעשו מחקרים נרחבים בנוסחי התפילה השונים בתוך ספרי השעות, ומצאתי את נוסח התפילה של כ"י זה, שהוא לפחות קובע את האיזור אליו כתב היד היה מיועד. האזור הוא בורגונדיה שבצרפת.
Thursday, January 10, 2008
A matter of the heart
A day or so ago I was working in the reading room when a reader turned to me to say hello. I know him from afar, I know his name and the approximate subject of his doctorate (the history of Messianic Jews in Israel, I think) and I am never sure whether he knows who I am. Anyway, he knows me well enough to say hello when he comes in and ask me how I am and what I am doing. I am fine, and, I am writing a doctorate, were the appropiate answers (though with the 'writing' I always feel like I'm cheating). 'Ah', he asked with interest. 'In what subject?'. I answered: 'about the beginning of Hebrew printing', because I find that by getting into details too quickly I usually get a blank look. 'Oh', was the reply. It was clear the subject didn't appeal to him at all, and I suspected him of thinking a subject like that is not one a believing Christian should be bothering with. But that may well be my own doubt about my own subject.
Still with mixed feelings about the subject of my doctorate I was sitting in a bus that same afternoon. We were trapped in a traffic jam and somehow a conversation developed between me and the woman I was sitting next to, also a reader I met in the reading room lately.
After talking about her interests - she is a retired teacher and now studies for an MA in Hebrew literature - the inevitable question popped up again: and you, what are you doing? 'I am writing a doctorate about the beginning of Hebrew printing', was my answer. What can one do. It is the truth, except the 'writing' part. She immediately became interested. 'You know', she said, 'typography is so important. Somebody researched the influence of typography on the reading of children in Israel. Nobody took his research seriously. But I believe it is true.'
I know from experience it is true. If the typography of a book, and the lay-out, gives one a comfortable feeling (whatever the prerogatives for the comfortable feeling), one is much more likely to read it. Especially if it is not the alphabeth one was raised in. But I dare say for me it is true even for a Dutch or English book, albeit less so. I am actually surprised anyone could deny this. Maybe it is more true for children and lazy types like me than for other people? Now one of the aspects of manuscripts that most appeal to me, I mused on, is the lay-out/typographical aspect. I know, not every manuscript has the same aesthetical value. Material was expensive, and fashion dictated 'black blocks of text' at times. Still, it would be interesting to see how this aspect translates in the first prints, too.
Whereby it was once again proved to me: anything can be interesting to the interested, nothing will be interesting to the non-interested. It's all a matter of the heart.
:)
Still with mixed feelings about the subject of my doctorate I was sitting in a bus that same afternoon. We were trapped in a traffic jam and somehow a conversation developed between me and the woman I was sitting next to, also a reader I met in the reading room lately.
After talking about her interests - she is a retired teacher and now studies for an MA in Hebrew literature - the inevitable question popped up again: and you, what are you doing? 'I am writing a doctorate about the beginning of Hebrew printing', was my answer. What can one do. It is the truth, except the 'writing' part. She immediately became interested. 'You know', she said, 'typography is so important. Somebody researched the influence of typography on the reading of children in Israel. Nobody took his research seriously. But I believe it is true.'
I know from experience it is true. If the typography of a book, and the lay-out, gives one a comfortable feeling (whatever the prerogatives for the comfortable feeling), one is much more likely to read it. Especially if it is not the alphabeth one was raised in. But I dare say for me it is true even for a Dutch or English book, albeit less so. I am actually surprised anyone could deny this. Maybe it is more true for children and lazy types like me than for other people? Now one of the aspects of manuscripts that most appeal to me, I mused on, is the lay-out/typographical aspect. I know, not every manuscript has the same aesthetical value. Material was expensive, and fashion dictated 'black blocks of text' at times. Still, it would be interesting to see how this aspect translates in the first prints, too.
Whereby it was once again proved to me: anything can be interesting to the interested, nothing will be interesting to the non-interested. It's all a matter of the heart.
:)
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